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One of the most common task in automation is looping through something, there are multiple ways to do this in radare2.

We can loop over flags:

@@ flagname-regex

For example, we want to see function information with afi command:

[0x004047d6]> afi
#
offset: 0x004047d0
name: entry0
size: 42
realsz: 42
stackframe: 0
call-convention: amd64
cyclomatic-complexity: 1
bits: 64
type: fcn [NEW]
num-bbs: 1
edges: 0
end-bbs: 1
call-refs: 0x00402450 C
data-refs: 0x004136c0 0x00413660 0x004027e0
code-xrefs:
data-xrefs:
locals:0
args: 0
diff: type: new
[0x004047d6]>

Now let's say, for example, that we'd like see a particular field from this output for all functions found by analysis. We can do that with a loop over all function flags (whose names begin with fcn.):

This command will extract the name field from the afi output of every flag with a name matching the regexp fcn.*.

We can also loop over a list of offsets, using the following syntax:

For example, say we want to see the opcode information for 2 offsets: the current one, and at current + 2:

Note we're using the $$ variable which evaluates to the current offset. Also note that $$+2 is evaluated before looping, so we can use the simple arithmetic expressions.

A third way to loop is by having the offsets be loaded from a file. This file should contain one offset per line.

radare2 also offers various foreach constructs for looping. One of the most useful is for looping through all the instructions of a function:

In this example the command pi 1 runs over all the instructions in the current function (entry0). There are other options too (not complete list, check @@? for more information):

  • @@k sdbquery - iterate over all offsets returned by that sdbquery

  • @@t- iterate over on all threads (see dp)

  • @@b - iterate over all basic blocks of current function (see afb)

  • @@f - iterate over all functions (see aflq)

The last kind of looping lets you loop through predefined iterator types:

  • symbols

  • imports

  • registers

  • threads

  • comments

  • functions

  • flags

This is done using the @@@ command. The previous example of listing information about functions can also be done using the @@@ command:

This will extract name field from afi output and will output a huge list of function names. We can choose only the second column, to remove the redundant name: on every line:

Beware, @@@ is not compatible with JSON commands.

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